Files

Definition

A file is a metalworking and woodworking tool used to cut fine amounts of material from a workpiece.

Identifying files

To identify a file it is necessary to know the following:
1. The length (measured from the point to the shoulder).
2. The shape of the file (the cross-sectional profile).
3. The grade the spacing and pitch of the teeth (smooth, second and coarse).
4. The type of cut or the patterns of cutting edge (single, double and rasp).

Shapes of files

1. Hand File: is the common file used for roughing and finishing.
2. Flat File: is similar to a hand file rectangular in section, tapered slightly in width and thickness towards the tip.
3. Half-round File : its cross-section is a chord of a circle with its taper towards the tip.
4. Mill files : are suitable as a sharpening file.
5. Round File : it has a round croos- section tapering toward the end.
6. Square File : is square in section and tapered towards the tip, usually double cut on all four faces.
7. Three Square File : is also known as triangular file. This is triangular in section, and tapered towards the tip with double cut on both faces. It is used for filing corners or angles less than 90°.
8. Needle Files : Needle files are a set of small files with their shapes made in a way similar to the large ones mentioned above.

Hacksaws

Introduction

Hack sawing is a process of cutting metals to size. It uses a long blade mounted in a bow-shaped frame. Cutting takes place using a reciprocating, or back-and-forth motion.

Types of hacksaw frames

There are two types of hacksaw frames:
1- Solid hacksaw frame.
2- Adjustable hacksaw frame.

Hacksaw blade pitch

1- Coarse pitch teeth:
has 14-18 teeth/25 mm.
2- Medium pitch teeth:
has 18-24 teeth/25 mm.
3-Fine pitch teeth:
has 24-32 teeth/25 mm.

Blade setting

1- Alternate set:
The teeth are arranged alternately.
2-Wave set:
the teeth are arranged in
a wave form.

Cutting with the hacksaw

1- Hold the hacksaw properly at an angle of 30 degrees.
2- When cutting, let your body sway ahead and back with each stroke.
3- Apply pressure on the forward stroke, which is the cutting stroke.
4- Use the entire length of the blade in each cutting stroke.
5- The usual cutting speed is from 40 to 50 strokes per minute.